Fizica Si Mecanica Lemnului

[Dediu00ro]

Un loc unde putem posta datele stiintifice si poze ale diferitelor esente de lemn folosite in arcaserie.
http://www.proapicultura.ro/arbori_si_a ... liferi.htm




SALCAMUL
http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salc%C3%A2m
http://miculmester.blogspot.com/2010/03 ... oarea.html

http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-ide ... ck-locust/
Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)

http://www.wood-database.com/wp-content ... cust-s.jpg


Common Name(s): Black Locust, Robinia, False Acacia

Scientific Name: Robinia pseudoacacia

Distribution: Central-eastern United States (also widely naturalized in many temperate areas worldwide)

Tree Size: 100 ft (30 m) tall, 3 ft (1 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 51 lbs/ft3 (825 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .66

Hardness: 1,700 lbf (7,560 N)

Rupture Strength: 19,400 lbf/in2 (133,790 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 2,050,000 lbf/in2 (14,140 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 4.6%, Tangential: 7.2%, Volumetric: 10.2%, T/R Ratio: 1.6
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TISA EUROPEANA


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_baccata

European Yew (Taxus baccata)
http://www.wood-database.com/wp-content ... -yew-s.jpg


Common Name(s): European Yew, Common Yew

Scientific Name: Taxus baccata

Distribution: Europe, Southwest Asia

Tree Size: 30-65 ft (10-20 m) tall, 3-5 ft (1-1.5 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 42 lbs/ft3 (670 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .55

Hardness: 1,470 lbf (6,540 N)*

*Estimated hardness based upon specific gravity, and hardness of Pacific Yew

Rupture Strength: No data available: mostly likely very close to the bending strength for Pacific Yew, which is 15,200 lbf/in2 (104,830 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 1,320,000 lbf/in2 (9,100 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 3.0%, Tangential: 5.2%, Volumetric: 8.2%, T/R Ratio: 1.7
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http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-ide ... cific-yew/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia
Pacific Yew


Common Name(s): Pacific Yew, Oregon Yew

Scientific Name: Taxus brevifolia

Distribution: Pacific Northwest North America

Tree Size: 30-50 ft (10-15 m) tall, 1-2 ft (.3-.6 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 46 lbs/ft3 (745 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .60

Hardness: 1,600 lbf (7,120 N)

Rupture Strength: 15,200 lbf/in2 (104,830 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 1,350,000 lbf/in2 (9,310 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 4.0%, Tangential: 5.4%, Volumetric: 9.7%, T/R Ratio: 1.4

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FRASINUL
http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasin
http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-ide ... opean-ash/
Common Name(s): European Ash, Common Ash

Scientific Name: Fraxinus excelsior

Distribution: Europe and southwestern Asia

Tree Size: 65-115 ft (20-35 m) tall, 3-6 ft (1-2 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 40 lbs/ft3 (650 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .49

Hardness: 1,480 lbf (6,580 N)

Rupture Strength: 15,020 lbf/in2 (103,590 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 1,785,000 lbf/in2 (12,310 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 5.7%, Tangential: 9.6%, Volumetric: 15.3%, T/R Ratio: 1.7
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ULMUL
Wych Elm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus_glabra
http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-ide ... /wych-elm/
Common Name(s): Wych Elm, Scots Elm

Scientific Name: Ulmus glabra

Distribution: Europe

Tree Size: 65-100 ft (20-30 m) tall, 2-4 ft (.6-1.2 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 40 lbs/ft3 (640 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .49

Hardness: 990 lbf (4,400 N)

Rupture Strength: 14,240 lbf/in2 (98,230 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 1,615,000 lbf/in2 (11,140 MPa)

Shrinkage: No data available (Most likely very similar to other species in the Ulmus genus)
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STEJARUL
http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stejar
http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-ide ... glish-oak/
Scientific Name: Quercus robur

Distribution: Most of Europe, to Asia Minor, and North Africa

Tree Size: 80-115 ft (24-35 m) tall, 3-5 ft (1-1.5 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 43 lbs/ft3 (680 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .53

Hardness: 1,120 lbf (4,980 N)

Rupture Strength: 14,100 lbf/in2 (97,100 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 1,544,000 lbf/in2 (10,600 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 4.7%, Tangential: 8.4%, Volumetric: 13.0%, T/R Ratio: 1.8
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IPE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabebuia
http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-ide ... woods/ipe/


Common Name(s): Ipe, Brazilian Walnut

Scientific Name: Tabebuia spp. (Tabebuia guayacan, T. serratifolia, etc.)

Distribution: Tropical Americas (Central and South America)

Tree Size: 100 ft (30 m) tall, 2-3 ft (.6-1.0 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 73 lbs/ft3 (1,175 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .91

Hardness: 3,680 lbf (16,370 N)

Rupture Strength: 26,190 lbf/in2 (180,600 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 3,167,000 lbf/in2 (21,840 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 6.6%, Tangential: 8.0%, Volumetric: 13.2%, T/R Ratio: 1.2
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PRUNUL
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_domestica
http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-ide ... oods/plum/


Scientific Name: Prunus domestica

Distribution: Widely cultivated in temperate areas worldwide

Tree Size: 20-25 ft (6-7.5 m) tall, 1 ft (.3 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 50 lbs/ft3 (795 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .61

Hardness: 1,550 lbf (6,900 N)*

*Estimated hardness based on specific gravity

Rupture Strength: 12,800 lbf/in2 (88,300 kPa)

Elastic Strength: No data available

Shrinkage: No data available
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MACLURA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclura_pomifera
http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-ide ... ge-orange/


Common Name(s): Osage Orange, Horse Apple, Hedge Apple

Scientific Name: Maclura pomifera

Distribution: South-Central United States

Tree Size: 50-60 ft (15-18 m) tall, 1-2 ft (.3-.6 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 59 lbs/ft3 (935 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .76

Hardness: 2,760 lbf (12,280 N)*

*Estimated hardness from data of green wood at: 2,040 lbf (9,070 N)*

Rupture Strength: 19,300 lbf/in2 (133,300 kPa)*

*Estimated bending strength from data of green wood at: 13,700 lbf/in2 (94,500 kPa)*

Elastic Strength: 1,677,000 lbf/in2 (11,600 MPa)*

*Estimated elasticity from data of green wood at:1,330,000 lbf/in2 (9,170 MPa)

Shrinkage: Volumetric: 9.2%
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Voi mai posta.... mai sunt lemne foarte interesante.

[Dediu00ro]

Lignum Vitae (Bulnesia sarmientoi pictured)



Common Name(s): Lignum Vitae

Scientific Name: Guaiacum officinale, G. sanctum

Distribution: Central America and northern South America

Tree Size: 20-30 ft (6-10 m) tall, 1-2 ft (.3-.6 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 84 lbs/ft3 (1,350 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: 1.02

Hardness: 4,500 lbf (20,020 N)

Rupture Strength: 17,760 lbf/in2 (122,490 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 2,304,000 lbf/in2 (15,890 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 5.0%, Tangential: 8.0%, Volumetric: 13.0%, T/R Ratio: 1.6
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Snakewood (Brosimum guianensis)




Common Name(s): Snakewood, Letterwood

Scientific Name: Brosimum guianensis

Distribution: Coastal regions of northeast South America

Tree Size: 65-80 ft (20-25 m) tall, .5-1.0 ft (.2-.3 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 79 lbs/ft3 (1,265 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .96

Hardness: 3,800 lbf (16,900 N)

Rupture Strength: 23,000 lbf/in2 (158,620 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 2,720,000 lbf/in2 (18,760 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 6.0%, Tangential: 9.0%, Volumetric: 15.0%, T/R Ratio: 1.5
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African Blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon)



Common Name(s): African Blackwood, Mpingo (Swahili)

Scientific Name: Dalbergia melanoxylon

Distribution: Dry savanna regions of central and southern Africa

Tree Size: 20-30 ft (6-9 m) tall, 2-3 ft (.6-1.0 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 82 lbs/ft3 (1,310 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: 1.08

Hardness: 4,730 lbf (21,060 N)*

*Estimated hardness based on specific gravity (see comments below).

Rupture Strength: 31,000 lbf/in2 (213,790 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 2,980,000 lbf/in2 (20,550 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 2.5%, Tangential: 4.5%, Volumetric: 7.6%, T/R Ratio: 1.8
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Zebrawood (Microberlinia brazzavillensis)




Common Name(s): Zebrawood, Zebrano

Scientific Name: Microberlinia brazzavillensis

Distribution: West Africa

Tree Size: 150 ft (46 m) tall, 4-5 ft (1.2-1.5 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 54 lbs/ft3 (860 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .64

Hardness: 2,097 lbf (9.330 N)

Rupture Strength: 20,000 lbf/in2 (137,900 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 2,340,000 lbf/in2 (16,100 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 6.8%, Tangential: 11.5%, Volumetric: 16.5%, T/R Ratio: 1.7
----------------------------------------------------

Gaboon Ebony (Diospyros crassiflora)



Common Name(s): Gaboon Ebony, African Ebony, Nigerian Ebony, Cameroon Ebony

Scientific Name: Diospyros crassiflora

Distribution: Equatorial West Africa

Tree Size: 50-60 ft (15-18 m) tall, 2 ft (.6 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 76 lbs/ft3 (1,215 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .90

Hardness: 3,220 lbf (14,320 N)

Rupture Strength: 24,300 lbf/in2 (167,600 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 2,494,000 lbf/in2 (17,200 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 6.5%, Tangential: 10.5%, Volumetric: 17.0%, T/R Ratio: 1.6
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[liviu]

Interesant!

Pana sa vad listele acestea, credeam ca snakewood (si el, ca si maclura, o ruda a dudului) este cel mai tare lemn. Despre snakewood am gasit ca merge la arcuri (la brate) si ca dintr-un lemn de grosimea unui deget "scoti" un arc de 50 lb (acum, nu zicea la ce lungime... ca la 1m lungime reusesti si cu alte lemne tari).

Sunt curios ce date are cornul, considerat de unii cel mai tare lemn european, apropiat maclurii.

[Greenarrow]

Maclura pomifera=osage orange ;)

[Dediu00ro]

Marblewood (Marmaroxylon racemosum)

View More Images Below


Common Name(s): Marblewood, Angelim Rajado

Scientific Name: Marmaroxylon racemosum

Distribution: Northeastern South America

Tree Size: 65-100 ft (20-30 m) tall, 2 ft (.6 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 62 lbs/ft3 (990 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .75

Hardness: 2,710 lbf (12,030 N)

Rupture Strength: 23,300 lbf/in2 (160,690 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 2,818,000 lbf/in2 (19,430 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 5.5%, Tangential: 9.5%, Volumetric: 15.0%, T/R Ratio: 1.7
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FAGUL
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica
European Beech (Fagus sylvatica)

View More Images Below


Common Name(s): European Beech

Scientific Name: Fagus sylvatica

Distribution: Europe

Tree Size: 100-130 ft (30-40 m) tall, 3-5 ft (1-1.5 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 45 lbs/ft3 (720 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .53

Hardness: 1,450 lbf (6,460 N)

Rupture Strength: 15,970 lbf/in2 (110,140 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 2,075,000 lbf/in2 (14,310 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 5.7%, Tangential: 11.6%, Volumetric: 17.3%, T/R Ratio: 2.0
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NUCUL
http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuc

English Walnut (Juglans regia)


View More Images Below


Common Name(s): English Walnut, European Walnut, French Walnut, Common Walnut

Scientific Name: Juglans regia

Distribution: Eastern Europe and western Asia

Tree Size: 80-115 ft (25-35 m) tall, 5-6 ft (1.5-2.0 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 41 lbs/ft3 (655 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .51

Hardness: 1,220 lbf (5,410 N)

Rupture Strength: 16,160 lbf/in2 (111,470 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 1,568,000 lbf/in2 (10,810 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 5.5%, Tangential: 7.5%, Volumetric: 13.0%, T/R Ratio: 1.4

[Dediu00ro]

ARTARUL
http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-ide ... ore-maple/
http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C8%9Bar

Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus)




Common Name(s): Sycamore Maple, European Sycamore

Scientific Name: Acer pseudoplatanus

Distribution: Europe and southwestern Asia

Tree Size: 80-115 ft (25-35 m) tall, 3-4 ft (1.0-1.2 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 36 lbs/ft3 (575 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .45

Hardness: 1,050 lbf (4,680 N)

Rupture Strength: 14,220 lbf/in2 (98,100 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 1,438,000 lbf/in2 (9,920 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 4.5%, Tangential: 7.8%, Volumetric: 12.3%, T/R Ratio: 1.7
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MARUL
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple
http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-ide ... ods/apple/
Apple (Malus domestica)




Common Name(s): Apple, Crab Apple, Wild Apple

Scientific Name: Malus spp. (Malus domestica, Malus sieversii, Malus sylvestris, etc.)

Distribution: Found throughout most temperate climates

Tree Size: 13-30 ft (4-9 m) tall, 1 ft (.3 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 52 lbs/ft3 (830 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .61

Hardness: 1,730 lbf (7,700 N)

Rupture Strength: 12,800 lbf/in2 (88,280 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 1,270,000 lbf/in2 (8,760 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 5.6%, Tangential: 10.1%, Volumetric: 17.6%, T/R Ratio: 1.8
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CUMARU

Cumaru (Dipteryx odorata)



Common Name(s): Cumaru, Brazilian Teak, Tonka Bean

Scientific Name: Dipteryx odorata

Distribution: Northern South America

Tree Size: 130-160 ft (40-50 m) tall, 3-5 ft (1-1.5 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 68 lbs/ft3 (1,095 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .86

Hardness: 3,540 lbf (15,750 N)

Rupture Strength: 24,840 lbf/in2 (171,280 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 3,020,000 lbf/in2 (20,830 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 5.0%, Tangential: 7.6%, Volumetric: 12.0%, T/R Ratio: 1.5

[Dediu00ro]

DUDUL ALB
http://www.thewoodexplorer.com/maindata/we803.html
DUDUL ROSU
http://www.thewoodexplorer.com/maindata/we807.html

[Dediu00ro]

Tipuri de lemn din care se fac shafturi pentru sageti.


MOLID SITKA
Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis)


Common Name(s): Sitka Spruce

Scientific Name: Picea sitchensis

Distribution: Northwestern North America

Tree Size: 160 ft (50 m) tall, 5 ft (1.5 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 28 lbs/ft3 (455 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .36

Hardness: 510 lbf (2,270 N)

Rupture Strength: 10,150 lbf/in2 (70,000 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 1,600,000 lbf/in2 (11,030 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 4.3%, Tangential: 7.5%, Volumetric: 11.5%, T/R Ratio: 1.7
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TEIUL


European Lime (Tilia x europaea)



Common Name(s): European Lime, Common Lime, Common Linden

Scientific Name: Tilia x europaea (hybrid of Tilia platyphyllos and T. cordata; syn. T. vulgaris)

Distribution: Europe

Tree Size: 65-130 ft (20-40 m) tall, 5-6 ft (1.5-2 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 33 lbs/ft3 (535 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .42

Hardness: 700 lbf (3,100 N)

Rupture Strength:12,380 lbf/in2 (85,390 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 1,698,000 lbf/in2 (11,710 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 5.0%, Tangential: 7.5%, Volumetric: 12.0%, T/R Ratio: 1.5
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PINUL


Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa)


Scientific Name: Pinus ponderosa

Distribution: S

Tree Size: 100-115 ft (30-35 m) tall, 1.5-5 ft (.4-1.5 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 29 lbs/ft3 (470 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .38

Hardness: 460 lbf (2,050 N)

Rupture Strength: 9,400 lbf/in2 (64,830 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 1,290,000 lbf/in2 (8,900 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 3.9%, Tangential: 6.2%, Volumetric: 9.7%, T/R Ratio: 1.6
Sunt foarte multe specii nu gasesc pe cel european .
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PLOPUL

Poplar
Yellow Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera)



Common Name(s): Poplar, Tulip Poplar, Yellow Poplar

Scientific Name: Liriodendron tulipifera

Distribution: Eastern United States

Tree Size: 130-160 ft (40-50 m) tall, 6-8 ft (1.8-2.5 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 32 lbs/ft3 (515 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .40

Hardness: 540 lbf (2,400 N)

Rupture Strength: 10,100 lbf/in2 (69,660 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 1,580,000 lbf/in2 (10,900 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 4.6%, Tangential: 8.2%, Volumetric: 12.7%, T/R Ratio: 1.8
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MOLID

Norway Spruce
Norway Spruce (P. sitchensis pictured)


Common Name(s): Norway Spruce, European Spruce, Common Spruce, Baltic White Pine

Scientific Name: Picea abies

Distribution: Northern and central Europe

Tree Size: 115-180 ft (35-55 m) tall, 3-5 ft (1-1.5 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 25 lbs/ft3 (410 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .32

Hardness: 377 lbf (1,680 N)

Rupture Strength: 9,130 lbf/in2 (62,950 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 1,406,000 lbf/in2 (9,700 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 3.9%, Tangential: 8.2%, Volumetric: 12.1%, T/R Ratio: 2.1
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FAGUL EUROPEAN
European Beech


Common Name(s): European Beech

Scientific Name: Fagus sylvatica

Distribution: Europe

Tree Size: 100-130 ft (30-40 m) tall, 3-5 ft (1-1.5 m) trunk diameter

Average Dried Weight: 45 lbs/ft3 (720 kg/m3)

Basic Specific Gravity: .53

Hardness: 1,450 lbf (6,460 N)

Rupture Strength: 15,970 lbf/in2 (110,140 kPa)

Elastic Strength: 2,075,000 lbf/in2 (14,310 MPa)

Shrinkage: Radial: 5.7%, Tangential: 11.6%, Volumetric: 17.3%, T/R Ratio: 2.0
Daca o luam pe calea stiintifica ar merge facut si un arc din lemnul acesta.
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CEDRU PORT ORFORD
http://www.thewoodexplorer.com/maindata/we298.html

Cred ca lemnele folosite in fabricarea shafturilor de sageti sufera de putin "hype", sunt destule lemne care rivalizeaza in rezistenta mecanica Cedru Port Orford.
Si cred ca exista si o lipsa de date despre anumite tipuri de lemn, in consecinta sunt considerate inferioare pentru fabricarea unei sageti, Fagul este un exemplu bun desi este superior mecanic fata de Cedru Port Orford unii il considera inferior pentru sageti.

[Dediu00ro]

http://www.thewoodexplorer.com/maindata/we338.html
Cornus Florida ....singura specie de corn care am gasito.